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Alivardi Khan

Nawab of Bengal

Alivardi Khan ( – 9 April ) was the fourth Nawab of Bengal from to He toppled the Nasiri dynasty of Nawabs by defeating Sarfaraz Khan in and assumed power himself.

During much of his reign Alivardi encountered frequent Maratha raids under Raghuji Bhonsle, culminating in the surrender of the province of Orissa in a peace settlement in He also faced separatist rebellions in Bihar as well as a revolt from his grandson Siraj ud-Daulah, though these were suppressed.

Alivardi spent the latter part of his reign rebuilding Bengal. He was a patron of the arts and resumed the policies of Murshid Quli Khan. He maintained a politically neutral stance with the European powers in the subcontinent and prevented any infighting amongst them in his dominions. He was succeeded by Siraj ud-Daulah in

Early life

Originally Mirza Bande or Mirza Muhammad Ali, Alivardi was a native of the Deccan who was born in [3][4][5] His father Mirza Muhammad Madani, who was of either Arab or Turkish descent, was the son of a foster-brother of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb; Madani himself began his career as a cup-bearer under the latter's son Azam Shah.[5][6] Muhammad Ali's mother was a Deccani Muslim descending from the Iranian TurkmenAfshar tribe of Khorasan.

Through her, he was a cousin of Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan, also known as Mirza Deccani.[5][note 1][9][10]

Like their father, he and his elder brother Mirza Ahmad (later known as Haji Ahmad) found favour under Azam Shah. Muhammad Ali was named superintendent of the filkhana (elephant-stables) as well as being given responsibility over the zardozkhana (department of embroidered cloths).

However, following Azam Shah's death in , the family fell into poverty. They migrated to Cuttack in Orissa, then under the deputy-governorship of their relative Shuja-ud-Din. Finding employment with the latter, Muhammad Ali and Mirza Ahmad proved themselves capable in supporting his government, later even aiding Shuja-ud-Din in becoming Nawab of Bengal.[11]

Rise to power

In , Shuja-ud-Din promoted Muhammad Ali to Faujdar (General) of Rajmahal and entitled him as Alivardi Khan.[12] In , he was assigned as the Naib Nazim (Deputy Subahdar) of Bihar.

A year later, he was titled Shuja ul-Mulk (Hero of the country), Hassemm ud-Daula (Sword of the state) and Mahabat Jang (Horror in War) and the rank of Paach Hazari Mansabdar (The rank holder of ) by Nawab Shuja ud-Din and returned to Azimabad.

Alivardi aspired for larger authority.

On 10 April in the Battle of Giria, he defeated and killed Shuja ud-Din's successor, Sarfaraz Khan.[12] Thus he took control of Bengal and Bihar. Then on 3 March , he defeated Rustam Jang, deputy governor of Orissa and a relative of Sarfaraz Khan, in the Battle of Phulwarion.[12] Orissa also came under Alivardi's control.

Alivardi Khan defeated a rebellion in Orissa led by Mirza Baqir Khan, and invading Orissa a second time, he subdued the Barha Sayyids with great difficulty,[13] and installed a brave warrior Shaikh Masum as governor.[14]

Reign

Immediately after his usurpation of power, Alivardi had his takeover legitimized by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and resumed the policies of Murshid Quli Khan.

Alivardi khan born in germany He had overthrown the Nasiri Dynasty. Trusted by 6. The district has a rich Hindu history and glorious past. Alivardi Khan is known to have introduced and placed his artillery on large movable platforms, which were driven by oxen.

He also chose Faujdars from various regions such as Patna, Dacca and Orissa.[15]

Since , the Maratha Empireraided Bengal repeatedly, ravaging its territories. Alivardi almost immediately had a long ditch, called the Maratha ditch, dug around Calcutta. Alivardi was a brilliant artillery tactician, though his armies were overrun by the large force of the Marathas from Berar who had arrived to pillage and conquer the territories of Bengal under the command of Raghoji I Bhonsle.

In the year , the Marathas led by Raghoji began to raid, pillage and annex the territories of Alivardi. During the Maratha invasion of Orissa, its SubedarMir Jafar completely withdrew all forces until the arrival of Alivardi and the Mughal army at the Battle of Burdwan, where Raghoji and his Maratha forces were completely routed.

The enraged Alivardi then dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar.[16]

Alivardi's defending armies were overrun in Orissa in the year , despite receiving some assistance from Shuja-ud-Daula. But Orissa was ultimately surrendered to the ravaging Marathas. These Maratha attacks continued until March when a peace treaty was settled between Alivardi and Raghoji.[17]

In , Alivardi faced a revolt from Siraj ud-Daulah, his daughter's son, who seized Patna.

Alivardi forgave him.[18] Alivardi also subdued the revolt of a few unruly Afghans who were trying to separate Bihar from his administration,[12] and chastised the Banjaras who were marauding through Bihar and chased them towards the Terai.[19]

According to some historians, Alivardi Khan's reign of 16 years was mostly engaged in various wars against the Marathas.

Towards the end, he turned his attention to rebuilding and restoring Bengal.

He also saved Bengal from the effects of war of succession in Austria through proper vigilance and precautions, unlike south India, which got caught up in it.

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    • He maintained a policy of neutrality towards European powers and forbade the British, French and Dutch to have any hostility against each other in his dominion.[20]

    Cultural and musical development

    Alivardi Khan was a patron of various musical instruments such as the Veena and Khol drums.

    He also patronized many manuscripts of the Shahnameh.

    Death and succession

    Alivardi Khan died at 5&#;am on 9 April , aged at least He was buried in Khushbagh next to his mother's grave.[21] He was succeeded by his daughter's son, Siraj-ud-Daula, who was aged 23 at the time.

    Family

    Unlike many of his contemporaries, Alivardi had only one wife, Sharfunnesa.[22][23] They had three daughters,[24] of whom at least two married sons of his elder brother Haji Ahmad.[25][26] Alivardi outlived his sons-in-law and, having had no sons of his own, he was succeeded by his maternal grandson Siraj ud-Daulah.[27] Alivardi's issue are as follows:[25][26]

    Alivardi also had a number of half-siblings, including Muhammad Amin Khan and Muhammad Yar Khan, who served under him as a general and governor of Hugli respectively.[28][29][30] His half-sister Shah Khanum was the wife of Mir Jafar, who later claimed the throne of Bengal in [31][32] The historian Ghulam Hussain Khan was also a relative.[33]

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^Historian Abdus Subhan reported that Muhammad Ali and Shuja-ud-Din shared the same grandfather, Nawab Aqil Khan.[7] However, Karam Ali's Muzaffarnama, a contemporary history, notes that he and Aqil Khan merely had the same ancestry "in their 3rd / 4th upward generation".[8]

    References

    1. ^Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas ().

      A Socio-intellectual History of the Isnā 'Asharī Shī'īs in India: 16th to 19th century A.D. Vol.&#;2. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp.&#;46– OCLC&#;

    2. ^Rieck, Andreas (). The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority. Oxford University Press. p.&#;3. ISBN&#;.
    3. ^Datta, Kalikinkar ().

      Alivardi And His Times. University of Calcutta. p.&#;2.

    4. ^Ivermee, Robert (). Hooghly:The Global History of a River. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
    5. ^ abcSarkar, Jadunath (). The History of Bengal.

      Vol.&#;II. Dhaka: University of Dhaka. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

    6. ^P.

      Alivardi khan born in italy Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E. But he ignored to give the all. Alivardi Khan was a patron of various musical instruments such as the Veena and Khol drums. ISBN

      Sensarma (). The Military History of Bengal. Kolkata: Darbari Udjog. p.&#;

    7. ^Subhan, Abdus (). "Early Career of Nawab Ali Vardi Khan of Bengal". Journal of Indian History. XLVIII (III). Trivandrum: University of Kerala:
    8. ^Ali, Karam; Khan, Shayesta (). Tārīk̲h̲-i Bangāl va Bihār sadah-ʼi hīzhdahum [Bihar and Bengal in the 18th century: a critical edition and translation of Muzaffarnama, a contemporary history].

      Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library.

    9. ^Antunes, Cátia; Bethencourt, Francisco (). Merchant Cultures:A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, –. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
    10. ^Singh, Nagendra Kr. (). Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: I–M. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation.

      ISBN&#;.

    11. ^Sarkar (, pp.&#;–37)
    12. ^ abcdShah, Mohammad (). "Alivardi Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second&#;ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
    13. ^Rāẏa, Bhabānī Caraṇa ().

      Orissa Under the Mughals:From Akbar to Alivardi&#;: a Fascinating Study of the Socio-economic and Cultural History of Orissa.

    14. ^Sahu, N. K.; Miśra, Prabodhakumāra; Sahu, Jagna Kumar (). History of Orissa.

      Alivardi khan born Andal Choose the correct option from below:. A portion of India The industries are clustered at the point shown in the map. He had overthrown the Nasiri Dynasty. Appar D.

      p.&#;

    15. ^Markovits, Claude (). A History of Modern India, –. Anthem Press. pp.&#;–. ISBN&#;.
    16. ^Jaques, Tony (). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.&#;–. ISBN&#;.
    17. ^Jaswant Lal Mehta (). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India .

      Sterling Publishers Pvt. ISBN&#;. Archived from the original on 23 April Retrieved 15 September

    18. ^Dalrymple, William (). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
    19. ^Ansari, Tahir Hussain ().

      Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. ISBN&#;.

    20. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (). The Dutch in Bengal and Bihar, A.D. University of Patna. p.&#;
    21. ^Dalrymple, William (). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company.

      Alivardi khan born woman: The spread of which of the following Sufi sect was mostly limited to Sindh, Multan and Punjab? More Articles in States of India. He was recognized by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and was endowed with several titles like Shuja-ul-mulk and Husam-ud-daula. After the death of Azam Shah, the family fell into poverty and Alivardi Khan came to Delhi and passed his days in extreme deficiency, often going without a meal.

      Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.&#;84, ISBN&#;.

    22. ^Skelton, Robert; Francis, Mark (). Arts of Bengal: The Heritage of Bangladesh and Eastern India&#;: an Exhibition. London: Whitechapel Art Gallery. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
    23. ^Rahim, A. (). "Society and Culture of the Eighteenth Century Bengal".

      Bengali Literary Review.

    24. Alivardi khan born woman
    25. Alivardi khan born date
    26. Alivardi khan born man

      27. 4 (I & II). University of Karachi: ISSN&#;X.

    27. ^ abIslam, Sirajul (). History of Bangladesh, . Vol.&#;3. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN&#;.
    28. ^ abDatta, K.K. (). Early Career of Siraj-ud-daulah.

      Alivardi khan born today Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Second ed. Explore Wikis Community Central. Alivardi Khan lies buried in Khushbagh. US College Admissions Guide.

      Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society. Vol.&#;LXXXVI. Calcutta Historical Society. p.&#;

    29. ^ abSen, Ranjit (). Metamorphosis of the Bengal Polity (–). Kolkata: Rabindra Bharati University. p.&#; OCLC&#;
    30. ^Sengupta, Nitish Kumar ().

      Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. pp.&#;, ISBN&#;.

    31. ^Salim, Ghulam Hussain (). Riyazu-s-Salatin, A History of Bengal. Translated by Abdus Salam. Calcutta: The Baptist Mission Press. p.&#;
    32. ^Sarkar (, p.&#;)
    33. ^Datta, Kalikinkar ().

      Alivardi and His Times. Kolkata: University of Calcutta. p.&#;

    34. ^Mukhopadhyay, Subhas Chandra (). Diwani in Bengal, Career of Nawab Najm-ud-Daulah. Varanasi: Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. p.&#;3. OCLC&#;
    35. ^Rashid, Abdur (). From Makkah to Nuclear Pakistan. Lahore: Ferozsons.

      p.&#; ISBN&#;.

    36. ^Askari, Syed Hasan (April ). "Saiyid Ghulam Hussain Khan". The Panjab Past and Present. XII (I). Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University: ISSN&#;

    Further reading

    • Decisive Battle of India, G.

      B. Malleson, ISBN&#;X, published by Books For All,

    • &#;Buckland, C.E. (). "Aliverdi Khan". Dictionary of Indian Biography. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Lim.